In Rust, supertraits allow you to define a trait hierarchy where a derived trait requires another trait to be implemented first. This is useful when modeling interfaces that build upon or depend on other capabilities.
In this challenge, you will define two traits: Person
and Student
. The Person
trait provides the ability to retrieve a name, while the Student
trait extends Person
by adding additional fields specific to students, such as an ID and a field of study.
Define a trait Person
:
fn name(&self) -> String
that returns the name of the person.Define a trait Student
that is a supertrait of Person
:
fn id(&self) -> u32
to return the student ID.fn field_of_study(&self) -> String
to return the student's field of study.Implement both traits for a struct Undergraduate
:
Undergraduate
struct should have fields id
, name
, and field_of_study
.Student
trait to provide the student's ID, name, and field of study.If you're stuck, here are some hints to help you solve the challenge:
trait Student: Person {}
to define Student
as a supertrait of Person
.Person
and Student
for the Undergraduate
struct.self.name.clone()
and self.field_of_study.clone()
to return String
values without ownership issues.<YourType as YourTrait>::method_name()
.// 1. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Person { fn name(&self) -> String;}// 2. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Student: Person { fn id(&self) -> u32; fn field_of_study(&self) -> String; }// 3. Finish the struct definitionpub struct Undergraduate { // Define fields for id, name, and field_of_study here... pub id: u32, pub name: String, pub field_of_study: String}// 4. Implement the necessary traits for the Undergraduate structimpl Person for Undergraduate { fn name(&self) -> String { self.name.clone() }}impl Student for Undergraduate { fn id(&self) -> u32 { self.id } fn field_of_study(&self) -> String { self.field_of_study.clone() } }// Example usagepub fn main() { let student = Undergraduate { id: 101, name: "John Doe".to_string(), field_of_study: "Computer Science".to_string(), }; assert_eq!(student.name(), "John Doe"); assert_eq!(student.id(), 101); assert_eq!(student.field_of_study(), "Computer Science");}
// 1. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Person { fn name(&self) -> String;}// 2. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Student: Person { fn id(&self) -> u32; fn field_of_study(&self) -> String;}// 3. Finish the struct definitionpub struct Undergraduate { // Define fields for id, name, and field_of_study here... pub id: u32, pub name: String, pub field_of_study: String,}// 4. Implement the necessary traits for the Undergraduate structimpl Person for Undergraduate { fn name(&self) -> String { self.name.clone() }}impl Student for Undergraduate { fn id(&self) -> u32 { self.id } fn field_of_study(&self) -> String { self.field_of_study.clone() }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let student = Undergraduate { id: 101, name: "John Doe".to_string(), field_of_study: "Computer Science".to_string(), }; assert_eq!(student.name(), "John Doe"); assert_eq!(student.id(), 101); assert_eq!(student.field_of_study(), "Computer Science");}
// 1. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Person { fn name(&self) -> String;}// 2. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Student : Person { fn id(&self) -> u32; fn field_of_study(&self) -> String;}// 3. Finish the struct definitionpub struct Undergraduate { // Define fields for id, name, and field_of_study here... pub name: String, pub id: u32, pub field_of_study: String,}// 4. Implement the necessary traits for the Undergraduate structimpl Person for Undergraduate { fn name(&self) -> String { self.name.clone() }}impl Student for Undergraduate { fn id(&self) -> u32 { self.id } fn field_of_study(&self) -> String { self.field_of_study.clone() }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let student = Undergraduate { id: 101, name: "John Doe".to_string(), field_of_study: "Computer Science".to_string(), }; assert_eq!(student.name(), "John Doe"); assert_eq!(student.id(), 101); assert_eq!(student.field_of_study(), "Computer Science");}
// 1. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Person { fn name(&self) -> String;}// 2. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Student: Person { fn id(&self) -> u32; fn field_of_study(&self) -> String;}// 3. Finish the struct definitionpub struct Undergraduate { // Define fields for id, name, and field_of_study here... pub id: u32, pub name: String, pub field_of_study: String}// 4. Implement the necessary traits for the Undergraduate structimpl Person for Undergraduate { fn name(&self) -> String { self.name.clone() }}impl Student for Undergraduate { fn id(&self) -> u32 { self.id } fn field_of_study(&self) -> String { self.field_of_study.clone() }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let student = Undergraduate { id: 101, name: "John Doe".to_string(), field_of_study: "Computer Science".to_string(), }; assert_eq!(student.name(), "John Doe"); assert_eq!(student.id(), 101); assert_eq!(student.field_of_study(), "Computer Science");}
// 1. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Person { fn name(&self) -> String;}// 2. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Student: Person { fn id(&self) -> u32; fn field_of_study(&self) -> String;}// 3. Finish the struct definitionpub struct Undergraduate { // Define fields for id, name, and field_of_study here... pub name: String, pub id: u32, pub field_of_study: String,}// 4. Implement the necessary traits for the Undergraduate structimpl Person for Undergraduate { fn name(&self) -> String { self.name.clone() }}impl Student for Undergraduate { fn id(&self) -> u32 { self.id } fn field_of_study(&self) -> String { self.field_of_study.clone() }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let student = Undergraduate { id: 101, name: "John Doe".to_string(), field_of_study: "Computer Science".to_string(), }; assert_eq!(student.name(), "John Doe"); assert_eq!(student.id(), 101); assert_eq!(student.field_of_study(), "Computer Science");}
// 1. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Person { fn name(&self) -> String;}// 2. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Student: Person { fn id(&self) -> u32; fn field_of_study(&self) -> String;}// 3. Finish the struct definitionpub struct Undergraduate { // Define fields for id, name, and field_of_study here... pub id: u32, pub name: String, pub field_of_study: String}// 4. Implement the necessary traits for the Undergraduate structimpl Person for Undergraduate { fn name(&self) -> String { self.name.clone() }}impl Student for Undergraduate { fn id(&self) -> u32 { self.id } fn field_of_study(&self) -> String { self.field_of_study.clone() }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let student = Undergraduate { id: 101, name: "John Doe".to_string(), field_of_study: "Computer Science".to_string(), }; assert_eq!(student.name(), "John Doe"); assert_eq!(student.id(), 101); assert_eq!(student.field_of_study(), "Computer Science");}
// 1. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Person{ fn name(&self) -> String;}// 2. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Student: Person{ fn id(&self) -> u32; fn field_of_study(&self) -> String;}// 3. Finish the struct definitionpub struct Undergraduate { // Define fields for id, name, and field_of_study here... pub id: u32, pub name: String, pub field_of_study: String,}// 4. Implement the necessary traits for the Undergraduate structimpl Person for Undergraduate{ fn name(&self) -> String{ self.name.clone() }}impl Student for Undergraduate{ fn id(&self) -> u32{ self.id } fn field_of_study(&self) -> String{ self.field_of_study.clone() }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let student = Undergraduate { id: 101, name: "John Doe".to_string(), field_of_study: "Computer Science".to_string(), }; assert_eq!(student.name(), "John Doe"); assert_eq!(student.id(), 101); assert_eq!(student.field_of_study(), "Computer Science");}
pub trait Person { fn name(&self) -> String;}pub trait Student: Person { fn id(&self) -> u32; fn field_of_study(&self) -> String;}pub struct Undergraduate { pub id: u32, pub name: String, pub field_of_study: String,}impl Person for Undergraduate { fn name(&self) -> String { self.name.clone() }}impl Student for Undergraduate { fn id(&self) -> u32 { self.id } fn field_of_study(&self) -> String { self.field_of_study.clone() }}
// 1. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Person { fn name(&self) -> String;}// 2. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Student: Person { fn id(&self) -> u32; fn field_of_study(&self) -> String;}// 3. Finish the struct definitionpub struct Undergraduate { // Define fields for id, name, and field_of_study here... pub id: u32, pub name: String, pub field_of_study: String,}// 4. Implement the necessary traits for the Undergraduate structimpl Person for Undergraduate { fn name(&self) -> String { self.name.clone() }}impl Student for Undergraduate { fn id(&self) -> u32 { self.id } fn field_of_study(&self) -> String { self.field_of_study.clone() }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let student = Undergraduate { id: 101, name: "John Doe".to_string(), field_of_study: "Computer Science".to_string(), }; assert_eq!(student.name(), "John Doe"); assert_eq!(student.id(), 101); assert_eq!(student.field_of_study(), "Computer Science");}
// 1. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Person { fn name(&self) -> String;}// 2. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Student: Person { fn id(&self) -> u32; fn field_of_study(&self) -> String;}// 3. Finish the struct definitionpub struct Undergraduate { pub id: u32, pub name: String, pub field_of_study: String,}// 4. Implement the necessary traits for the Undergraduate structimpl Person for Undergraduate { fn name(&self) -> String { self.name.clone() }}impl Student for Undergraduate { fn id(&self) -> u32 { self.id } fn field_of_study(&self) -> String { self.field_of_study.clone() }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let student = Undergraduate { id: 101, name: "John Doe".to_string(), field_of_study: "Computer Science".to_string(), }; assert_eq!(student.name(), "John Doe"); assert_eq!(student.id(), 101); assert_eq!(student.field_of_study(), "Computer Science");}
// 1. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Person { fn name(&self) -> String;}// 2. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Student: Person { fn id(&self) -> u32; fn field_of_study(&self) -> String;}// 3. Finish the struct definitionpub struct Undergraduate { pub name: String, pub id: u32, pub field_of_study: String,}// 4. Implement the necessary traits for the Undergraduate structimpl Person for Undergraduate { fn name(&self) -> String { self.name.clone() }}impl Student for Undergraduate { fn id(&self) -> u32 { self.id } fn field_of_study(&self) -> String { self.field_of_study.clone() }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let student = Undergraduate { id: 101, name: "John Doe".to_string(), field_of_study: "Computer Science".to_string(), }; assert_eq!(student.name(), "John Doe"); assert_eq!(student.id(), 101); assert_eq!(student.field_of_study(), "Computer Science");}
// 1. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Person { fn name(&self) -> String;}// 2. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Student: Person { fn id(&self) -> u32; fn field_of_study(&self) -> String;}// 3. Finish the struct definitionpub struct Undergraduate { pub name: String, pub id: u32, pub field_of_study: String,}// 4. Implement the necessary traits for the Undergraduate structimpl Student for Undergraduate { fn id(&self) -> u32 { self.id } fn field_of_study(&self) -> String { self.field_of_study.clone() } }impl Person for Undergraduate { fn name(&self) -> String { self.name.clone() }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let student = Undergraduate { id: 101, name: "John Doe".to_string(), field_of_study: "Computer Science".to_string(), }; assert_eq!(student.name(), "John Doe"); assert_eq!(student.id(), 101); assert_eq!(student.field_of_study(), "Computer Science");}
// 1. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Person { fn name(&self) -> String;}// 2. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Student: Person { fn id(&self) -> u32; fn field_of_study(&self) -> String;}// 3. Finish the struct definitionpub struct Undergraduate { // Define fields for id, name, and field_of_study here... pub name: String, pub id: u32, pub field_of_study: String,}// 4. Implement the necessary traits for the Undergraduate structimpl Person for Undergraduate { fn name(&self) -> String { self.name.clone() }}impl Student for Undergraduate { fn id(&self) -> u32 { self.id } fn field_of_study(&self) -> String { self.field_of_study.clone() }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let student = Undergraduate { id: 101, name: "John Doe".to_string(), field_of_study: "Computer Science".to_string(), }; assert_eq!(student.name(), "John Doe"); assert_eq!(student.id(), 101); assert_eq!(student.field_of_study(), "Computer Science");}
// 1. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Person { fn name(&self) -> String;}// 2. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Student: Person { fn id(&self) -> u32; fn field_of_study(&self) -> String;}// 3. Finish the struct definitionpub struct Undergraduate { pub id: u32, pub name: String, pub field_of_study: String,}// 4. Implement the necessary traits for the Undergraduate structimpl Person for Undergraduate { fn name(&self) -> String { self.name.clone() }}impl Student for Undergraduate { fn id(&self) -> u32 { self.id } fn field_of_study(&self) -> String { self.field_of_study.clone() }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let student = Undergraduate { id: 101, name: "John Doe".to_string(), field_of_study: "Computer Science".to_string(), }; assert_eq!(student.name(), "John Doe"); assert_eq!(student.id(), 101); assert_eq!(student.field_of_study(), "Computer Science");}
// 1. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Person{ fn name(&self)-> String;}// 2. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Student: Person{ fn id(&self)-> u32; fn field_of_study(&self)-> String;}// 3. Finish the struct definitionpub struct Undergraduate { // Define fields for id, name, and field_of_study here... pub name: String, pub id:u32, pub field_of_study:String,}impl Student for Undergraduate{ fn id(&self)->u32{ self.id.clone() } fn field_of_study(&self)-> String{ self.field_of_study.clone() }}impl Person for Undergraduate { fn name(&self) -> String { self.name.clone() }}// 4. Implement the necessary traits for the Undergraduate struct// Example usagepub fn main() { let student = Undergraduate { id: 101, name: "John Doe".to_string(), field_of_study: "Computer Science".to_string(), }; assert_eq!(student.name(), "John Doe"); assert_eq!(student.id(), 101); assert_eq!(student.field_of_study(), "Computer Science");}
// 1. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Person { fn name(&self) -> String;}// 2. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Student: Person { fn id(&self) -> u32; fn field_of_study(&self) -> String;}// 3. Finish the struct definitionpub struct Undergraduate { pub id: u32, pub name: String, pub field_of_study: String,}// 4. Implement the necessary traits for the Undergraduate structimpl Person for Undergraduate { fn name(&self) -> String { self.name.to_string() }}impl Student for Undergraduate { fn id(&self) -> u32 { self.id } fn field_of_study(&self) -> String { self.field_of_study.to_string() }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let student = Undergraduate { id: 101, name: "John Doe".to_string(), field_of_study: "Computer Science".to_string(), }; assert_eq!(student.name(), "John Doe"); assert_eq!(student.id(), 101); assert_eq!(student.field_of_study(), "Computer Science");}
// 1. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Person { fn name(&self) -> String;}// 2. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Student: Person { fn id(&self) -> u32; fn field_of_study(&self) -> String;}// 3. Finish the struct definitionpub struct Undergraduate { pub id: u32, pub name: String, pub field_of_study: String,}// 4. Implement the necessary traits for the Undergraduate structimpl Person for Undergraduate { fn name(&self) -> String { return self.name.clone(); }}impl Student for Undergraduate { fn id(&self) -> u32 { return self.id; } fn field_of_study(&self) -> String { return self.field_of_study.clone(); }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let student = Undergraduate { id: 101, name: "John Doe".to_string(), field_of_study: "Computer Science".to_string(), }; assert_eq!(student.name(), "John Doe"); assert_eq!(student.id(), 101); assert_eq!(student.field_of_study(), "Computer Science");}
pub trait Person { fn name(&self) -> String;}pub trait Student: Person { fn id(&self) -> u32; fn field_of_study(&self) -> String;}pub struct Undergraduate { pub name: String, pub id: u32, pub field_of_study: String,}// 4. Implement the necessary traits for the Undergraduate structimpl Person for Undergraduate { fn name(&self) -> String { self.name.clone() }}impl Student for Undergraduate { fn id(&self) -> u32 { self.id } fn field_of_study(&self) -> String { self.field_of_study.clone() }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let student = Undergraduate { id: 101, name: "John Doe".to_string(), field_of_study: "Computer Science".to_string(), }; assert_eq!(student.name(), "John Doe"); assert_eq!(student.id(), 101); assert_eq!(student.field_of_study(), "Computer Science");}
// 1. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Person { fn name(&self) -> String;}// 2. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Student: Person { fn id(&self) -> u32; fn field_of_study(&self) -> String;}// 3. Finish the struct definitionpub struct Undergraduate { pub id: u32, pub name: String, pub field_of_study: String,}// 4. Implement the necessary traits for the Undergraduate structimpl Person for Undergraduate { fn name(&self) -> String { self.name.clone() }}impl Student for Undergraduate { fn id(&self) -> u32 { self.id } fn field_of_study(&self) -> String { self.field_of_study.clone() }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let student = Undergraduate { id: 101, name: "John Doe".to_string(), field_of_study: "Computer Science".to_string(), }; assert_eq!(student.name(), "John Doe"); assert_eq!(student.id(), 101); assert_eq!(student.field_of_study(), "Computer Science");}
// 1. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Person { fn name(&self) -> String;}// 2. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Student: Person { fn id(&self) -> u32; fn field_of_study(&self) -> String;}// 3. Finish the struct definitionpub struct Undergraduate { pub id: u32, pub name: String, pub field_of_study: String}// 4. Implement the necessary traits for the Undergraduate structimpl Person for Undergraduate { fn name(&self) -> String { self.name.clone() }}impl Student for Undergraduate { fn id(&self) -> u32 { self.id } fn field_of_study(&self) -> String { self.field_of_study.clone() }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let student = Undergraduate { id: 101, name: "John Doe".to_string(), field_of_study: "Computer Science".to_string(), }; assert_eq!(student.name(), "John Doe"); assert_eq!(student.id(), 101); assert_eq!(student.field_of_study(), "Computer Science");}
pub trait Person { fn name(&self) -> String;}pub trait Student: Person { fn id(&self) -> u32; fn field_of_study(&self) -> String;}pub struct Undergraduate { pub id: u32, pub name: String, pub field_of_study: String,}impl Person for Undergraduate { fn name(&self) -> String { self.name.clone() }}impl Student for Undergraduate { fn id(&self) -> u32 { self.id } fn field_of_study(&self) -> String { self.field_of_study.clone() }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let student = Undergraduate { id: 101, name: "John Doe".to_string(), field_of_study: "Computer Science".to_string(), }; assert_eq!(student.name(), "John Doe"); assert_eq!(student.id(), 101); assert_eq!(student.field_of_study(), "Computer Science");}
// 1. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Person { fn name(&self) -> String;}// 2. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Student: Person { fn id(&self) -> u32; fn field_of_study(&self) -> String;}// 3. Finish the struct definitionpub struct Undergraduate { // Define fields for id, name, and field_of_study here... pub id: u32, pub name: String, pub field_of_study: String,}// 4. Implement the necessary traits for the Undergraduate structimpl Person for Undergraduate { fn name(&self) -> String { self.name.clone() }}impl Student for Undergraduate { fn id(&self) -> u32 { self.id } fn field_of_study(&self) -> String { self.field_of_study.clone() }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let student = Undergraduate { id: 101, name: "John Doe".to_string(), field_of_study: "Computer Science".to_string(), }; assert_eq!(student.name(), "John Doe"); assert_eq!(student.id(), 101); assert_eq!(student.field_of_study(), "Computer Science");}
// 1. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Person { fn name(&self) -> String;}// 2. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Student: Person { fn id(&self) -> u32; fn field_of_study(&self) -> String;}// 3. Finish the struct definitionpub struct Undergraduate { // Define fields for id, name, and field_of_study here... pub id: u32, pub name: String, pub field_of_study: String}// 4. Implement the necessary traits for the Undergraduate structimpl Person for Undergraduate { fn name(&self) -> String { self.name.clone() }}impl Student for Undergraduate { fn id(&self) -> u32 { self.id } fn field_of_study(&self) -> String { self.field_of_study.clone() }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let student = Undergraduate { id: 101, name: "John Doe".to_string(), field_of_study: "Computer Science".to_string(), }; assert_eq!(student.name(), "John Doe"); assert_eq!(student.id(), 101); assert_eq!(student.field_of_study(), "Computer Science");}
// 1. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Person { fn name(&self) -> String;}// 2. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Student: Person { fn id(&self) -> u32; fn field_of_study(&self) -> String;}// 3. Finish the struct definitionpub struct Undergraduate { pub id: u32, pub name: String, pub field_of_study: String}// 4. Implement the necessary traits for the Undergraduate structimpl Person for Undergraduate { fn name(&self) -> String { self.name.clone() }}impl Student for Undergraduate { fn id(&self) -> u32 { self.id } fn field_of_study(&self) -> String { self.field_of_study.clone() }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let student = Undergraduate { id: 101, name: "John Doe".to_string(), field_of_study: "Computer Science".to_string(), }; assert_eq!(student.name(), "John Doe"); assert_eq!(student.id(), 101); assert_eq!(student.field_of_study(), "Computer Science");}
// 1. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Person { fn name(&self) -> String;}// 2. Finish the trait definitionpub trait Student: Person { fn id(&self) -> u32; fn field_of_study(&self) -> String;}// 3. Finish the struct definitionpub struct Undergraduate { // Define fields for id, name, and field_of_study here... pub id: u32, pub name: String, pub field_of_study: String,}// 4. Implement the necessary traits for the Undergraduate structimpl Student for Undergraduate { fn id(&self) -> u32 { self.id } fn field_of_study(&self) -> String { self.field_of_study.clone() }}impl Person for Undergraduate { fn name(&self) -> String { self.name.clone() }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let student = Undergraduate { id: 101, name: "John Doe".to_string(), field_of_study: "Computer Science".to_string(), }; assert_eq!(student.name(), "John Doe"); assert_eq!(student.id(), 101); assert_eq!(student.field_of_study(), "Computer Science");}
pub trait Person { fn name(&self) -> String; } pub trait Student: Person { fn id(&self) -> u32; fn field_of_study(&self) -> String; } pub struct Undergraduate { pub id: u32, pub name: String, pub field_of_study: String, } impl Person for Undergraduate { fn name(&self) -> String { self.name.clone() } } impl Student for Undergraduate { fn id(&self) -> u32 { self.id } fn field_of_study(&self) -> String { self.field_of_study.clone() } }// 4. Implement the necessary traits for the Undergraduate struct// Example usagepub fn main() { let student = Undergraduate { id: 101, name: "John Doe".to_string(), field_of_study: "Computer Science".to_string(), }; assert_eq!(student.name(), "John Doe"); assert_eq!(student.id(), 101); assert_eq!(student.field_of_study(), "Computer Science");}