Sometimes, the Rust compiler cannot determine the size of a trait object at compile time. For example, if a function returns a trait object based on a condition, in such cases, impl Trait
is not going to work. This is because the size of the trait object is not known at compile time. In such cases, you can use Box<dyn Trait>
to return a trait object.
Box<T>
lets you allocate memory on the heap and store the value of T
in that memory. Box<dyn Trait>
is a trait object that allows you to store a value of any type that implements Trait
in the heap.
This is called dynamic dispatch because the method to call is determined at runtime, not at compile time. This is in contrast to static dispatch, where the method to call is determined at compile time.
You need to define a function that returns a Box<dyn Speakable>
based on a condition.
Here is what you need to do:
Speakable
trait with a method speak
that returns a String
.Dog
with two fields: name
and breed
, both of type String
.Speakable
trait for Dog
to return a string Woof
.Robot
with two fields: model
and purpose
, both of type String
.Speakable
trait for Robot
to return a string Beep boop
.get_speaker
that takes a &str
parameter and returns either a Dog
or a Robot
based on the parameter.dog
or robot
.pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Woof".to_string() }}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Beep boop".to_string() }}pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => { // Return a Dog instance here Box::new(Dog { name: "Dog".to_string(), breed: "Dog".to_string(), }) } "robot" => { // Return a Robot instance here Box::new(Robot { model: "Robot".to_string(), purpose: "Purpose".to_string(), }) } _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => { // Return a Dog instance here let d = Dog { name: String::from("Dog"), breed: String::from("DobberMan") }; Box::new(d) } "robot" => { // Return a Robot instance here let r = Robot { model: String::from("T1000"), purpose: String::from("Termination") }; Box::new(r) } _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { String::from("Woof") }}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { String::from("Beep boop") }}pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => { // Return a Dog instance here let d = Dog { name: String::from("Dog"), breed: String::from("DobberMan") }; Box::new(d) } "robot" => { // Return a Robot instance here let r = Robot { model: String::from("T1000"), purpose: String::from("Termination") }; Box::new(r) } _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { String::from("Woof") }}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { String::from("Beep boop") }}pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { String::from("Woof") }} impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { String::from("Beep boop") }} pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => { // Return a Dog instance here Box::new(Dog { name: String::from("Buddy"), breed: String::from("Labrador"), }) } "robot" => { // Return a Robot instance here Box::new(Robot { model: String::from("R2-D2"), purpose: String::from("Protocol"), }) } _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { return String::from("Woof"); }}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { return String::from("Beep boop"); }}pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => { // Return a Dog instance here return Box::new(Dog{name: String::from("oskar"), breed: String::from("poodle")}); } "robot" => { // Return a Robot instance here return Box::new(Robot{model: "C3PO".to_string(), purpose: "help".to_string()}); } _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Woof".to_string() }}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Beep boop".to_string() }}pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => { // Return a Dog instance here Box::new(Dog { name: "Dog".to_string(), breed: "Breed".to_string(), }) } "robot" => { // Return a Robot instance here Box::new(Robot { model: "Model".to_string(), purpose: "Purpose".to_string() }) } _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => { // Return a Dog instance here let dog = Dog { name: "Flox".to_string(), breed: "German Sheperd".to_string() }; Box::new(dog) } "robot" => { // Return a Robot instance here let robot = Robot { model: "R2D2".to_string(), purpose: "Assistant".to_string() }; Box::new(robot) } _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Woof".to_string() }}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Beep boop".to_string() }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
#[derive(Default)]pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}#[derive(Default)]pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Woof".into() }}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Beep boop".into() }}pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => { // Return a Dog instance here Box::new(Dog::default()) } "robot" => { // Return a Robot instance here Box::new(Robot::default()) } _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Woof".to_string() }}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Beep boop".to_string() }}pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => { // Return a Dog instance here Box::new(Dog {name: String::from("Dog"), breed: String::from("Breed")}) } "robot" => { // Return a Robot instance here Box::new(Robot {model: String::from("Model"), purpose: String::from("Purpose")}) } _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { return String::from("Woof"); }}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { return String::from("Beep boop"); }}pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => { // Return a Dog instance here. let dog = Dog{ name: "Fido".to_string(), breed: "Collie".to_string()}; Box::new(dog) } "robot" => { // Return a Robot instance here. let robot = Robot{ model: "X2000".to_string(), purpose: "Butler".to_string()}; Box::new(robot) } _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { return String::from("Woof"); }}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { return String::from("Beep boop"); }}pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => { // Return a Dog instance here. Box::new(Dog{name: "Fido".to_string(), breed: "Collie".to_string()}) } "robot" => { // Return a Robot instance here. Box::new(Robot{model: "X2000".to_string(), purpose: "Butler".to_string()}) } _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Woof".to_string() }}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Beep boop".to_string() }}pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => { let doggy = Dog { name: "Abby".to_string(), breed: "Yellow Lab".to_string() }; Box::new(doggy) } "robot" => { let robby = Robot { model: "Robby".to_string(), purpose: "T-100".to_string(), }; Box::new(robby) } _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { format!("Woof") }}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { format!("Beep boop") }}pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => { let doggy = Dog { name: "Roby".to_string(), breed: "Golden".to_string() }; return Box::<Dog>::new(doggy); } "robot" => { let rob = Robot { model: "Alexa".to_string(), purpose: "Assist".to_string(), }; return Box::<Robot>::new(rob); } _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { format!("Woof") }}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { format!("Beep boop") }}pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => { // Return a Dog instance here let dog = Dog { name: "Beo".to_string(), breed: "Corgi".to_string(), }; Box::new(dog) } "robot" => { // Return a Robot instance here let robot = Robot { model: "V1".to_string(), purpose: "Clean".to_string(), }; Box::new(robot) } _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { format!("Woof") }}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { format!("Beep boop") }}pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => { // Return a Dog instance here let dog = Dog { name: "Buddy".to_string(), breed: "Golden Retriever".to_string(), }; Box::new(dog) } "robot" => { // Return a Robot instance here let robot = Robot { model: "RX-78".to_string(), purpose: "Combat".to_string(), }; Box::new(robot) } _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Woof".to_string() }}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Beep boop".to_string() }}pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => { // Return a Dog instance here Box::new(Dog { name: String::from("Bobby"), breed: String::from("Boxer") }) } "robot" => { // Return a Robot instance here Box::new(Robot { model: String::from("3PO"), purpose: String::from("Protocol droid") }) } _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => Box::new(Dog { name: String::from("Oi"), breed: String::from("ii"), }), "robot" => Box::new(Robot { model: String::from("1252"), purpose: String::from("walk"), }), _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { String::from("Woof") }}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { String::from("Beep boop") }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { String::from("Woof") }}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { String::from("Beep boop") }}pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => Box::new(Dog { name: String::from("Oi"), breed: String::from("ii"), }), "robot" => Box::new(Robot { model: String::from("1252"), purpose: String::from("walk"), }), _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { format!("Woof") }}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { format!("Beep boop") }}pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => { // Return a Dog instance here let dog = Dog{name: "name".to_string(), breed: "breed".to_string()}; Box::new(dog) } "robot" => { // Return a Robot instance here Box::new(Robot{model: "model".to_string(), purpose: "purpose".to_string()}) } _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Woof".to_string() }}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Beep boop".to_string() }}pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => { Box::new(Dog{breed: "Dis".to_string(), name: "Chuj".to_string()}) // Return a Dog instance here } "robot" => { Box::new(Robot{model: "1".to_string(), purpose: "2".to_string()}) // Return a Robot instance here } _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Woof".to_owned() }}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Beep boop".to_owned() }}pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => Box::new(Dog { name: "Rex".to_owned(), breed: "German Shepherd".to_owned(), }), "robot" => Box::new(Robot { model: "R2-D2".to_owned(), purpose: "Assist".to_owned(), }), _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Woof".to_owned() }}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Beep boop".to_owned() }}pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => { Box::new(Dog{name: "Rex".to_owned(), breed: "German Shepherd".to_owned(),}) } "robot" => { Box::new(Robot{model: "R2-D2".to_owned(), purpose: "Assist".to_owned(),}) } _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Woof".to_string() }}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Beep boop".to_string() }}pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => Box::new(Dog { name: "Buddy".to_string(), breed: "Test".to_string() }), "robot" => Box::new(Robot { model: "RX-78".to_string(), purpose: "Test".to_string() }), _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => { // Return a Dog instance here Box::new( Dog { name: "1".to_string(), breed: "2".to_string(), } ) } "robot" => { // Return a Robot instance here Box::new( Robot { model: "3".to_string(), purpose: "4".to_string(), }) } _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Woof".to_string() }}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Beep boop".to_string() }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self)-> String;}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Woof".to_string() }}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Beep boop".to_string() }}pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => { // Return a Dog instance here Box::new(Dog { name: "sheeru".to_string(), breed: "pitbull".to_string(), }) } "robot" => { // Return a Robot instance here Box::new(Robot{ model: "1231".to_string(), purpose: "helper".to_string(), }) } _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak (&self) -> String { "Woof".to_string() }}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak (&self) -> String { "Beep boop".to_string() }}pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => { // Return a Dog instance here let dog = Dog { name: "DaHuang".to_string(), breed: "ZhongHuaTianYuanQuan".to_string() }; Box::new(dog) } "robot" => { // Return a Robot instance here let robot = Robot { model: "WaLi".to_string(), purpose: "Blue".to_string() }; Box::new(robot) } _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { String::from("Woof") }}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { String::from("Beep boop") }}pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => { Box::new(Dog { name: String::new(), breed: String::new(), }) // Return a Dog instance here } "robot" => { Box::new(Robot { model: String::new(), purpose: String::new(), }) // Return a Robot instance here } _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self)-> String;}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Woof".to_string() }}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Beep boop".to_string() }}pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => { // Return a Dog instance here Box::new(Dog { name: "sheeru".to_string(), breed: "pitbull".to_string(), }) } "robot" => { // Return a Robot instance here Box::new(Robot{ model: "1231".to_string(), purpose: "helper".to_string(), }) } _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}impl Dog { pub fn new(name: &str, breed: &str) -> Self { Self { name: name.into(), breed: breed.into(), } }}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}impl Robot { pub fn new(model: &str, purpose: &str) -> Self { Self { model: model.into(), purpose: purpose.into(), } }}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Woof".to_string() }}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Beep boop".to_string() }}pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => Box::new(Dog::new("name", "breed")), "robot" => Box::new(Robot::new("model", "purpose")), _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => { // Return a Dog instance here Box::new(Dog { name: "Yes".to_string(), breed: "Also Yes".to_string() }) } "robot" => { // Return a Robot instance here Box::new(Robot { model: "No".to_string(), purpose: "Also no".to_string() }) } _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Woof".to_string() }}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Beep boop".to_string() }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => { // Return a Dog instance here Box::new(Dog { name: "Yes".to_string(), breed: "Also Yes".to_string() }) } "robot" => { // Return a Robot instance here Box::new(Robot { model: "No".to_string(), purpose: "Also no".to_string() }) } _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Woof".to_string() }}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Beep boop".to_string() }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}impl Dog { pub fn new(name: &str, breed: &str) -> Self { Self { name: name.to_string(), breed: breed.to_string(), } }}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { String::from("Woof") }}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}impl Robot { pub fn new(model: &str, purpose: &str) -> Self { Self { model: model.to_string(), purpose: purpose.to_string(), } }}impl Robot {}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { String::from("Beep boop") }}pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => Box::new(Dog::new("Link", "Malinois")), "robot" => Box::new(Robot::new("Hoo", "Vacum cleaner")), _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => { // Return a Dog instance here Box::new(Dog::default()) } "robot" => { // Return a Robot instance here Box::new(Robot::default()) } _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}#[derive(Default)]pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Woof".into() }}#[derive(Default)]pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Beep boop".into() }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Woof".to_string() }}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Beep boop".to_string() }}pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => Box::new(Dog { name: "Buddy".to_string(), breed: "Golden Retriever".to_string(), }), "robot" => Box::new(Robot { model: "RX-78".to_string(), purpose: "Exploration".to_string(), }), _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { String::from("Woof") }}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { String::from("Beep boop") }}pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => { Box::new(Dog { name: "Firulais".into(), breed: "Tinaker".into()}) } "robot" => { Box::new(Robot { model: "Bending Unit".into(), purpose: "Bend".into()}) } _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Woof".to_owned() }}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String, }impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Beep boop".to_owned() }}pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => { // Return a Dog instance here Box::new(Dog{name: "".to_owned(), breed: "".to_owned()}) } "robot" => { // Return a Robot instance here Box::new(Robot{model: "".to_owned(), purpose: "".to_owned()}) } _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}#[derive(Default)]pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Woof".to_string() }}#[derive(Default)]pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Beep boop".to_string() }}pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => Box::new(Dog::default()), "robot" => Box::new(Robot::default()), _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}pub struct Robot{ pub model: String, pub purpose: String,} impl Speakable for Dog{ fn speak(&self) -> String{ String::from("Woof") }} impl Speakable for Robot{ fn speak(&self) -> String{ String::from("Beep boop") }}pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => Box::new(Dog { name: String::from("test"), breed: String::from("testing"), }), "robot" => Box::new(Robot { model: String::from("test"), purpose: String::from("testing"), }), _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}#[derive(Default)]pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Woof".to_string() }}#[derive(Default)]pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Beep boop".to_string() }}pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => { // Return a Dog instance here Box::new(Dog::default()) } "robot" => { // Return a Robot instance here Box::new(Robot::default()) } _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Woof".to_string() }}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Beep boop".to_string() }} pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => { Box::new(Dog{ name: "Dog".to_string(), breed: "Dog".to_string(), }) } "robot" => { Box::new(Robot{ model: "Robot".to_string(), purpose: "Robot".to_string(), }) } _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => Box::new(Dog { name: String::from("Dog"), breed: String::from("Dog"), }), "robot" => Box::new(Robot { model: String::from("Robot"), purpose: String::from("Robot"), }), _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { String::from("Woof") }}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { String::from("Beep boop") }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { String::from("Woof") }}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { String::from("Beep boop") }}pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => { let dog = Dog{ name: "".to_string(), breed: "".to_string(), }; Box::new(dog) } "robot" => { let robot = Robot{ model: "".to_string(), purpose: "".to_string(), }; Box::new(robot) } _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { String::from("Woof") }}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { String::from("Beep boop") }}pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => { // Return a Dog instance here let dog = Dog {name: "".to_string(), breed: "".to_string()}; Box::new(dog) } "robot" => { // Return a Robot instance here let robot = Robot {model: "".to_string(), purpose: "".to_string()}; Box::new(robot) } _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String; //fn new(name: &str) -> Self;}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Woof".to_string() } /* fn new(name: &str) -> Dog { Dog { name: name.to_string(), breed: "unknown".to_string() } } */}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Beep boop".to_string() } /* fn new(name: &str) -> Robot { Robot { model: name.to_string(), purpose: "unknown".to_string() } } */}pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => { // Return a Dog instance here //Dog::new("spike") Box::new(Dog { name: "fido".to_string(), breed: "unknown".to_string() }) } "robot" => { // Return a Robot instance here //Robot::new("r2d2") Box::new(Robot { model: "r2d2".to_string(), purpose: "unknown".to_string() }) } _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => { Box::new(Dog{name:String::from("Pluto"), breed: String::from("Dackel")}) } "robot" => { // Return a Robot instance here Box::new(Robot{model: String::from("RX78"), purpose: String::from("Cooking")}) } _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { String::from("Woof") }}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { String::from("Beep boop") }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Woof".to_string() }}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { String::from("Beep boop") }}pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => { // Return a Dog instance here Box::new(Dog { name: "".to_string(), breed: "".to_string(), }) } "robot" => { // Return a Robot instance here Box::new(Robot { model: "".to_string(), purpose: "".to_string(), }) } _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Woof".to_string() }}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Beep boop".to_string() }}pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => { // Return a Dog instance here Box::new(Dog { name: "doggy".to_string(), breed: "".to_string(), }) } "robot" => { // Return a Robot instance here Box::new(Robot { model: "deepseek".to_string(), purpose: "".to_string(), }) } _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Woof".to_string() }}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Beep boop".to_string() }}pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => Box::new(Dog { name: "Doggie".to_string(), breed: "Frenchie".to_string(), }), "robot" => Box::new(Robot { model: "RSX".to_string(), purpose: "Cleaning".to_string(), }), _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Woof".to_string() }}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String,}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { "Beep boop".to_string() }}pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => Box::new(Dog { name: "Doggie".to_string(), breed: "Frenchie".to_string(), }), "robot" => Box::new(Robot { model: "RSX".to_string(), purpose: "Cleaning".to_string(), }), _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}
pub trait Speakable { fn speak(&self) -> String;}pub fn get_speaker(kind: &str) -> Box<dyn Speakable> { match kind { "dog" => { // Return a Dog instance here Box::new(Dog { name: String::from("Netanyahu"), breed: String::from("Dog of hell") }) } "robot" => { // Return a Robot instance here Box::new(Robot { model: String::from("T1000"), purpose: String::from("To destroy humanity") }) } _ => panic!("Unknown speaker type"), }}pub struct Dog { pub name: String, pub breed: String,}impl Speakable for Dog { fn speak(&self) -> String { String::from("Woof") }}pub struct Robot { pub model: String, pub purpose: String}impl Speakable for Robot { fn speak(&self) -> String { String::from("Beep boop") }}// Example usagepub fn main() { let dog_speaker = get_speaker("dog"); println!("{}", dog_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Woof let robot_speaker = get_speaker("robot"); println!("{}", robot_speaker.speak()); // Expected output: Beep boop}